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Saturday, January 2, 2010

Factsheet of Smoking and Health

Smoking

Also called: Cigar smoking, Cigarette smoking, Pipe smoking, Tobacco smoking

There's no way around it. Smoking is bad for your health. Smoking harms nearly every organ of the body. Cigarette smoking causes 87 percent of lung cancer deaths. It is also responsible for many other cancers and health problems. These include lung disease, heart and blood vessel disease, stroke and cataracts. Women who smoke have a greater chance of certain pregnancy problems or having a baby die from sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS). Your smoke is also bad for other people - they breathe in your smoke secondhand and can get many of the same problems as smokers do.

Quitting smoking can reduce your risk of these problems. The earlier you quit, the greater the health benefit.

Overviews

Smoking & Tobacco Use (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention)

Latest News

Smoking Ups Men's Rheumatoid Arthritis Risk Most (12/24/2009, Reuters Health)

Menthol Cigarettes More Addictive to U.S. Minorities (12/10/2009, HealthDay)

States Slash Funding for Tobacco Prevention Programs (12/09/2009, HealthDay)

Health Headlines: New Smoking Danger, Another Cell Phone Warning, Holiday Safety Tips Video (12/05/2009, HealthDay)

Smoking and Seizures Video (12/01/2009, HealthDay)

U.S. Adult Smoking Rates Remain Stalled (11/12/2009, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention)

More News on Smoking

Specific Conditions

Bidis and Kreteks (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention)

Cigarettes and Other Tobacco Products From the National Institutes of Health (National Institute on Drug Abuse)

Also available in Spanish

Cigars (American Lung Association)

Hookah Smoking: Is It Safer Than Smoking Cigarettes? (Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research)

Truth about "Light" Cigarettes: Questions and Answers From the National Institutes of Health (National Cancer Institute)

Related Issues

Alcohol Alert: Alcohol and Tobacco From the National Institutes of Health (National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism)

Cigar Smoking and Cancer From the National Institutes of Health (National Cancer Institute)

Diabetes and Smoking (American Diabetes Association)

JAMA Patient Page: Smoking and the Heart (American Medical Association) - PDF

Also available in Spanish

Smoking and Asthma (Nemours Foundation)

Also available in Spanish

Smoking and Bone HealthFrom the National Institutes of Health(National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases)

Smoking and HIV (New Mexico AIDS Education and Training Center)

Also available in Spanish

Smoking and Infertility (American Society for Reproductive Medicine) - PDF

Smoking and Musculoskeletal Health (American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons)

Smoking and Your Digestive System From the National Institutes of Health (National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases)

Smoking: Does It Cause Wrinkles? (Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research)

Tobacco Industry Marketing (American Lung Association)

What's in a Cigarette? (American Lung Association)

Health Check Tools

Quiz: Do You Need Help to Quit?: Take the Stop Smoking Quiz (American Cancer Society)

Withdrawal Quiz (National Cancer Institute, Tobacco Control Research Branch)

Tutorials

Smoking - The Facts (Patient Education Institute)

Also available in Spanish

Videos

Smoking and Sleep (Harvard Medical School)

Anatomy/Physiology

How Lungs Work (American Lung Association)

Financial Issues

How Much Will You Save? (National Cancer Institute, Tobacco Control Research Branch)

Clinical Trials

ClinicalTrials.gov: Smoking From the National Institutes of Health (National Institutes of Health)

ClinicalTrials.gov: Tobacco Use Disorder From the National Institutes of Health (National Institutes of Health)

Research

Expert Panel Addresses High Rates of Smoking in People with Psychiatric Disorders From the National Institutes of Health (National Institute of Mental Health)

Smoking Compromises Quality-of-Life in Old Age (American Cancer Society)

Smoking Remains Potent Risk Factor for Death from Heart Disease, Cancer (American Heart Association)

Smoking-Related Cancers May Account for Narrowing Gap in Death Rates (American Cancer Society)

Tobacco Addiction From the National Institutes of Health (National Institute on Drug Abuse)

Tobacco and Nicotine Research From the National Institutes of Health (National Institute on Drug Abuse)

Journal Articles

References and abstracts from MEDLINE/PubMed (National Library of Medicine)

Article: A transdermal nicotine patch is not effective for postoperative pain...

Article: Smoking may be considered an established risk factor for sporadic...

Article: Tobacco control in the United States--recent progress and opportunities.

Dictionaries/Glossaries

ABC's of Tobacco (National Center for Tobacco-Free Kids)

Organizations

American Cancer Society

American Lung Association

National Institute on Drug AbuseFrom the National Institutes of Health

Law and Policy

FDA Parental Advisory on Flavored Tobacco Products -- What You Need To Know (Food and Drug Administration)

State Legislated Actions on Tobacco Issues (SLATI) (American Lung Association)

Tobacco Control Laws in Your State (American Lung Association)

Statistics

Adult Cigarette Smoking in the United States: Current Estimates (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention)

Cigar Use Among Young Adults Aged 18 to 25 (Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration)

Cigarette Smoking Among Adults and Trends in Smoking Cessation -- United States, 2008 (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention)

Cigarette Use among Adults Employed Full Time, by Occupational Category (Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration)

Cigars (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention)

FastStats: Smoking (National Center for Health Statistics)

Key Facts About Smoking Among Asian Americans and Pacific Islanders (American Lung Association)

Key Facts About Smoking Among Hispanics(American Lung Association)

Smoking (American Lung Association)

Smoking in Your State (National Cancer Institute, Tobacco Control Research Branch)

State Data Highlights 2006 (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention)

Tobacco-Related Mortality (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention)

Toll of Tobacco in the United States of America (National Center for Tobacco-Free Kids) - PDF

Use of Menthol Cigarettes (Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration)

Women

Women and Smoking (American Cancer Society)

Also available in Spanish

Women and Smoking: Questions and Answers From the National Institutes of Health (National Cancer Institute)

Women and Tobacco (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention)

Women and Tobacco Use (American Lung Association)

Related Articles:

Smoking Ups Men's Rheumatoid Arthritis Risk Most (12/24/2009, Reuters Health)

Menthol Cigarettes More Addictive to U.S. Minorities (12/10/2009, HealthDay)

Most of World Exposed to Deadly Tobacco Smoke: WHO (12/09/2009, Reuters Health)

States Slash Funding for Tobacco Prevention Programs (12/09/2009, HealthDay)

Asthmatics Who Quit Smoking May Reverse Lung Damage (12/07/2009, HealthDay)

Health Headlines: New Smoking Danger, Another Cell Phone Warning, Holiday Safety Tips Video (12/05/2009, HealthDay)

Water Pipes No Safer Than Cigarettes (12/04/2009, HealthDay)

Early Morning Smokers May Be More Dependent on Nicotine (12/03/2009, HealthDay)

Smoking Exposure Now Linked to Colon, Breast Cancers (12/03/2009, HealthDay)

Health Gains from Lowered Smoking Rates in Jeopardy (12/02/2009, HealthDay)

Smokers Inhaling Germs with Each Cigarette (12/02/2009, HealthDay)

Smoking and Seizures Video (12/01/2009, HealthDay)

Women Who Smoke Risk Having Seizures (11/26/2009, Reuters Health)

Smokers Double Their Risk for Heart Disease (11/24/2009, HealthDay)

U.S. Adult Smoking Rates Remain Stalled (11/12/2009, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention)

Smoking Tied to Suicide Risk in Bipolar Disorder (11/11/2009, Reuters Health)

FDA Says Companies Violating Flavored Cigarette Ban (11/06/2009, Reuters Health)

Switch to 'Light' Cigarettes Makes Quitting Tougher (11/03/2009, HealthDay)

Nicotine Patch Plus Lozenge Best for Quitting Smoking (11/02/2009, HealthDay)

Even Light Smoking Affects Young Adults' Arteries (10/28/2009, HealthDay)

Is Smoking Tougher on Women? (10/25/2009, HealthDay)

U.S. Backs Vaccines for Drug, Nicotine Addiction (10/20/2009, Reuters Health)

Smoking Keeps Its Grip on Urban Poor (10/16/2009, HealthDay)

Stop-Smoking Vaccine in the Works (10/12/2009, HealthDay)

Smoking and Youth

Teens Think Smoking More Dangerous Than Drinking, Drugs (12/17/2009, HealthDay)

Teen Survey Shows Drops in Meth Use, Smoking (12/14/2009, Reuters Health)

Movies May Tempt Teens to Smoke (12/03/2009, HealthDay)

FDA Says Companies Violating Flavored Cigarette Ban (11/06/2009, Reuters Health)

Phone Counseling Helps Teens Quit Smoking (10/13/2009, HealthDay)

Telomere and telomerase assay

A telomere is a region of repetitive DNA at the end of a chromosome, which protects the end of the chromosome from deterioration. Its name is derived from the Greek nouns telos (τἐλος) "end" and merοs (μέρος, root: μερ-) "part".

Russian theorist Alexei Olovnikov was the first to recognize (1971) the problem of how chromosomes could replicate right to the tip, as such was impossible with replication in a 5' to 3' direction. To solve this and to accommodate Leonard Hayflick's idea of limited somatic cell division, Olovnikov suggested that DNA sequences would be lost in every replicative phase until they reached a critical level, at which point cell division would stop.

During cell division, the enzymes that duplicate the chromosome and its DNA cannot continue their duplication all the way to the end of the chromosome. If cells divided without telomeres, they would lose the ends of their chromosomes, and the necessary information they contain. (In 1972, James Watson named this phenomenon the "end replication problem".) The telomeres are disposable buffers blocking the ends of the chromosomes and are consumed during cell division and replenished by an enzyme, the telomerase reverse transcriptase.

Elizabeth Blackburn compared telomeres to the aglets (tips) on the ends of shoelaces that keep them from fraying.

In 1975–1977, Blackburn, working as a postdoctoral fellow at Yale University with Joseph Gall, discovered the unusual nature of telomeres, with their simple repeated DNA sequences composing chromosome ends. Their work was published in 1978. The telomere shortening mechanism normally limits cells to a fixed number of divisions, and animal studies suggest that this is responsible for aging on the cellular level and sets a limit on lifespans. Telomeres protect a cell's chromosomes from fusing with each other or rearranging—abnormalities which can lead to cancer—and so cells are normally destroyed when their telomeres are consumed. Most cancers are the result of "immortal" cells which have ways of evading this programmed destruction.

Elizabeth Blackburn, Carol Greider, and Jack Szostak were awarded the 2009 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for the discovery of how chromosomes are protected by telomeres and the enzyme telomerase.

Telomeres and telomerase: biological and clinical importance ...
(15) developed an assay for testing telomerase activity in cell extracts. Based on identification of telomerase mechanisms and properties, the telomere ...
www.clinchem.org/cgi/content/full/43/5/708

Telomere Length Analysis and In Vitro Telomerase Assay.

1 Introduction; 2 Materials and Methods; 2.1 Telomere Measurement; 2.2 Telomere Cloning; 2.3 TRAP Telomerase Assay; 3 Notes; References. Browse by Subject ...
www.springerprotocols.com/Abstract/doi/10.../1-59259-434-4:123

Facts about Telomeres and Telomerase

The following section will teach you the basics of telomeres and telomerase. It will also introduce you to the potential applications of current telomerase ...
www4.utsouthwestern.edu/cellbio/shay.../sw_facts.html

TRAP–LIG, a modified telomere repeat amplification protocol assay to quantitate telomerase inhibition by small molecules.
Its major function is to maintain the length of telomeric DNA by synthesizing telomeric DNA repeats, and its enzymatic activity is assayed by means of the ...
linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0003269708002960

Telomeres and Telomerase: The Cellular Timekeepers

The telomeres appear to be the cellular timekeepers, but are they related to human aging?
www.senescence.info/telomeres.html

Effect of Telomere and Telomerase Interactive Agents on Human Tumor and Normal Cell Lines.
The cytotoxic effect of telomere and telomerase interactive agents against normal human marrow cells in the colony-forming assay showed the same range of ...
clincancerres.aacrjournals.org/content/6/3/987.full

Cell Research - Telomere and telomerase in oncology
Shortening of the telomeric DNA at the chromosome ends is presumed to limit the lifespan of... Telomere, telomerase, cancer, telomerase assay, inhibitor ...
www.nature.com

Telomeres and telomerase — Genes & Development
Cdc13p (gray) and Est1 (purple) may recruit telomerase to the telomeric 3′ end in ..... (1995) An in vitro assay for Saccharomyces telomerase requires EST1. ...
genesdev.cshlp.org/content/13/18/2353.full

Telomerase Assay in Renal Cancer

Bacchetti, S. and Counter, C. M. (1995) Telomeres and telomerase in human cancer. ...quantitative nonisotopic assay for telomerase activity in humantumors. ...
www.springerprotocols.com/Abstract/doi/10.1385/1-59259-144-2:05

Introduction to Telomeres and Telomerase

Author(s): Michael C. Bibby

Pub. Date: Mar-01-2002; DOI:10.1385/1-59259-189-2:01; Page Range: 1-12

Abstract | Full Text | PDF (81K)

Detection of Chromosome Ends by Telomere FISH

Author(s): Harry Scherthan

Pub. Date: Mar-01-2002; DOI:10.1385/1-59259-189-2:13; Page Range: 13-31

Abstract | Full Text | PDF (117K)

Telomere Length Distribution: Digital Image Processing and Statistical Analysis

Author(s): Jean-Patrick Pommier, Laure Sabatier

Pub. Date: Mar-01-2002; DOI:10.1385/1-59259-189-2:33; Page Range: 33-63

Abstract | Full Text | PDF (351K)

Analysis of Telomerase RNA Gene Expression by In Situ Hybridization

Author(s): W. Nicol Keith, Joseph Sarvesvaran, Martin Downey

Pub. Date: Mar-01-2002; DOI:10.1385/1-59259-189-2:65; Page Range: 65-81

Abstract | Full Text | PDF (132K)

Relative Gene Expression in Normal and Tumor Tissue by Quantitative RT-PCR

Author(s): Dennis S. Salonga, Kathleen D. Danenberg, Jean Grem, Ji Min Park, Peter V. Danenberg

Pub. Date: Mar-01-2002; DOI:10.1385/1-59259-189-2:83; Page Range: 83-98

Abstract | Full Text | PDF (138K)

Quantitative Detection of Telomerase Components by Real-Time, Online RT-PCR Analysis with the LightCycler

Author(s): Thomas Emrich, Sheng-Yung Chang, Gerlinde Karl, Birgit Panzinger, Chris Santini

Pub. Date: Mar-01-2002; DOI:10.1385/1-59259-189-2:99; Page Range: 99-108

Abstract | Full Text | PDF (98K)

Standard TRAP Assay

Author(s): Angelika M. Burger

Pub. Date: Mar-01-2002; DOI:10.1385/1-59259-189-2:109; Page Range: 109-124

Abstract | Full Text | PDF (131K)

Stretch PCR Assay

Author(s): Jun-ichi Nakayama, Fuyuki Ishikawa

Pub. Date: Mar-01-2002; DOI:10.1385/1-59259-189-2:125; Page Range: 125-136

Abstract | Full Text | PDF (110K)

Fluorescent Detection of Telomerase Activity

Author(s): Wade K. Aldous, Amber J. Marean, Mary J. DeHart, Katherine H. Moore

Pub. Date: Mar-01-2002; DOI:10.1385/1-59259-189-2:137; Page Range: 137-146

Abstract | Full Text | PDF (99K)

Nonradioactive Detection of Telomerase Activity Using a PCR-ELISA-Based Telomeric Repeat Amplification Protocol

Author(s): Thomas Emrich, Gerlinde Karl

Pub. Date: Mar-01-2002; DOI:10.1385/1-59259-189-2:147; Page Range: 147-158

Abstract | Full Text | PDF (123K)

In Situ TRAP Assay Detection of Telomerase Activity in Cytological Preparations

Author(s): Kazuma Ohyashiki, Junko H. Ohyashiki

Pub. Date: Mar-01-2002; DOI:10.1385/1-59259-189-2:159; Page Range: 159-164

Abstract | Full Text | PDF (143K)

Biotinylated Primer for Detecting Telomerase Activity Without Amplification

Author(s): Daekyu Sun

Pub. Date: Mar-01-2002; DOI:10.1385/1-59259-189-2:165; Page Range: 165-171

Abstract | Full Text | PDF (81K)

Whole-Cell and Microcell Fusion for the Identification of Natural Regulators of Telomerase

Author(s): Henriette Gourdeau, Marsha D. Speevak, Lucie Jetté, Mario Chevrette

Pub. Date: Mar-01-2002; DOI:10.1385/1-59259-189-2:173; Page Range: 173-195

Abstract | Full Text | PDF (145K)

Screening with COMPARE Analysis forTelomerase Inhibitors

Author(s): Imad Naasani, Takao Yamori, Takashi Tsuruo

Pub. Date: Mar-01-2002; DOI:10.1385/1-59259-189-2:197; Page Range: 197-207

Abstract | Full Text | PDF (125K)

Telomerase as a Therapeutic Target: Therapeutic Potential of Telomerase Inhibitors

Author(s): John A. Double

Pub. Date: Mar-01-2002; DOI:10.1385/1-59259-189-2:209; Page Range: 209-216

Abstract | Full Text | PDF (71K)

Methods of Telomerase Inhibition
Additionally, methods are outlined in this chapter for determining the effectiveness oftelomerase inhibition through TRAP assays or assessment of telomere ...
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2423206/